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The question of whether the “woman clothed with the sun” in Revelation 12 represents Mary, the mother of Jesus, has long intrigued scholars and theologians, particularly within Catholic tradition, which often identifies her as Mary, the Mother of God. This interpretation, however, is not without complexity, as the text allows for multiple readings: the woman as Mary, as Israel or the Church, or as a hybrid of these identities. Revelation 12:1–2 describes a celestial figure—a woman adorned with the sun, moon, and a crown of twelve stars, in labor to give birth to a son who will “rule all the nations with a rod of iron” (Revelation 12:5), a clear reference to Jesus, the Messiah, as linked to Psalm 2:7–9. This essay explores the textual evidence, the symbolic richness of Revelation 12, and the theological implications of identifying the woman as Mary, Israel, the Church, or a combination thereof, while critically assessing the viability of each interpretation and advocating for a nuanced understanding that bridges Catholic and Protestant perspectives.
(This article is a summary of one of the chapters from my book The Jewish Roots of Mary: A Different Look at the Iconic Hebrew Woman.)
The Woman in Revelation 12: A Messianic Mother
Revelation 12 presents a vivid apocalyptic vision: “A woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars; and she was pregnant, and she cried out, being in labor and in pain to give birth” (Revelation 12:1–2). The identity of her child is unambiguous, as verse 5 states, “She gave birth to a son, a male, who is going to rule all the nations with a rod of iron,” echoing Psalm 2:9, which is applied to Jesus in Acts 13:32–33 and Revelation 19:15. The child’s messianic identity is further reinforced by the dragon’s attempt to devour him (Revelation 12:4), symbolizing Satan’s opposition to Christ, and the child’s ascent to God’s throne (Revelation 12:5), pointing to Jesus’ exaltation. The woman, therefore, is the mother of the Messiah, but her precise identity—whether Mary, Israel, the Church, or a composite—requires careful consideration.
The text’s symbolic language complicates a straightforward identification. The woman’s celestial imagery—clothed with the sun, standing on the moon, crowned with twelve stars—suggests a cosmic or collective entity, yet the specificity of her giving birth to Jesus invites a personal interpretation. The narrative continues with the woman fleeing to the wilderness for 1,260 days (Revelation 12:6), equivalent to 42 months or “a time, times, and half a time” (Revelation 12:14), periods that align with other references to persecution in Revelation 11:2–3 and 13:5. This temporal framework, equating to three and a half years, likely symbolizes a period of trial for God’s people, suggesting a collective rather than individual identity. Yet, the woman’s role as the mother of Jesus and the target of the dragon’s wrath (Revelation 12:17) opens the door to a Marian interpretation.
The Woman as Mary
The case for identifying the woman as Mary rests on her role as the literal mother of Jesus, as depicted in the Gospels. Luke 1:26–28 portrays Mary as the “favored one” chosen to bear the Messiah, a role that aligns with the woman’s act of giving birth to the messianic child in Revelation 12:5. The Catholic tradition, which venerates Mary as the Theotokos (Mother of God), sees her as a natural candidate for this celestial figure. The imagery of the sun, moon, and stars may elevate Mary to a queenly status, consistent with Catholic doctrines like the Assumption and her role as Queen of Heaven. Furthermore, the dragon’s pursuit of the woman parallels Herod’s attempt to kill the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:7–16), with the flight to Egypt (Matthew 2:13–15) resembling the woman’s escape to the wilderness (Revelation 12:6). The reference to “the rest of her children” in Revelation 12:17, who “keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus,” could be interpreted as Christians, with Mary as their spiritual mother, a concept rooted in John 19:26–27, where Jesus entrusts the beloved disciple to Mary first.
The specificity of other figures in Revelation strengthens this view. The dragon is explicitly Satan (Revelation 12:9), and the child is Jesus, suggesting that the woman might also be an individual—Mary—rather than a collective entity. However, the symbolic nature of Revelation, where numbers and images often carry allegorical weight, cautions against a purely literal reading. The 1,260 days of the woman’s wilderness sojourn do not precisely match the duration of Mary’s historical flight to Egypt, which Matthew’s Gospel does not quantify. Moreover, the cosmic imagery—sun, moon, and twelve stars—leans toward a collective or symbolic interpretation, challenging a solely Marian reading.
The Woman as Israel or the Church
An alternative interpretation identifies the woman as Israel or the Church, the corporate entities from which the Messiah emerges. The Old Testament frequently personifies Israel as a woman or mother. For example, Deuteronomy 18:18 promises a prophet from among Israel, implying that the nation “gives birth” to the Messiah. Paul reinforces this in Romans 9:1–5, stating that the Messiah comes from Israel, to whom belong “the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the Law, the temple service, and the promises.” In Galatians 4:26, Paul describes the “Jerusalem above” as “our mother,” allegorically linking the heavenly city to God’s people. The twelve stars in Revelation 12:1 could symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel, supporting this interpretation.
If the woman in Revelation 12 symbolizes Israel, her labor pains and the dragon’s attack parallel Israel’s struggles in Genesis 37. Joseph, a son of Israel (Jacob), faced betrayal—like the male child (Rev 12:5) threatened by the dragon. The woman’s flight (Rev 12:6) echoes Israel’s historical exiles. Just as Joseph’s suffering led to salvation (Gen 50:20), Israel’s trials culminate in Messiah’s victory. The twelve stars (Rev 12:1) mirror Jacob’s twelve sons, tying Israel’s story to cosmic redemption. Thus, Genesis 37 foreshadows Revelation 12: both depict Israel’s persecution and God’s deliverance.
The Church, as the new/renewed Israel, is another plausible candidate. Revelation 12:17 describes the woman’s “other children” as those who “hold to the testimony of Jesus,” aligning with the Church’s identity as the community of believers. The wilderness period of 1,260 days mirrors the persecution faced by God’s people in Revelation 11:2–3 and 13:5, suggesting a collective experience of trial and divine protection. The Old Testament imagery of Israel as a woman in labor (e.g., Isaiah 26:17–18, Micah 4:10) further supports a corporate interpretation, with the woman representing the covenant community that produces the Messiah.
This interpretation, whether referring to Israel or the Church, conveys essentially the same idea. The confusion comes from thinking that church was born at Pentecost instead of it being bat mitzvahed at this time (coming of age of maturity). A key text to remember is the mention of the “church in the wilderness” in Acts 7:38.
The Woman as a Hybrid: Mary and Israel/Church
A third interpretive option posits that the woman is a hybrid figure, encompassing both Mary and Israel or the Church. This view reconciles the personal and collective dimensions of the text. As an Israelite woman, Mary embodies the faithful remnant of Israel, chosen to bear the Messiah. The twelve stars could represent both the twelve tribes and the twelve apostles, bridging the old and new covenants. The flight to the wilderness might reflect Mary’s historical escape to Egypt (Matthew 2:13–15) while also symbolizing the broader persecution of God’s people, as seen in the temporal references to 1,260 days or three and a half years. The dragon’s pursuit of the woman and her other children (Revelation 12:17) could signify both Satan’s historical opposition to Jesus through Herod and his ongoing hostility toward the Church.
This hybrid interpretation finds support in the narrative’s layered symbolism. Revelation often blends historical and eschatological elements, as seen in its depiction of Jesus as both the slain Lamb and the conquering rider (Revelation 5:6, 19:11–15). Similarly, the woman could represent Mary as the historical mother of Jesus and Israel/Church as the corporate mother of the Messiah and his followers. The Catholic tradition leans toward this view, emphasizing Mary’s unique role while acknowledging her connection to the broader covenant community. For example, the Second Vatican Council’s Lumen Gentium (1964) describes Mary as a type of the Church, reflecting both her individual significance and her role within the people of God.
Critical Assessment
The evidence for identifying the woman in Revelation 12 as Mary is compelling but not conclusive. The explicit reference to her giving birth to the Messiah aligns with Mary’s historical role, and the Catholic tradition of venerating her as the Mother of God supports a Marian interpretation. The parallel with Matthew 2, where Mary flees to Egypt to escape Herod’s massacre, strengthens the case, as does the designation of her “other children” as believers in Jesus (Revelation 12:17). However, the cosmic imagery—sun, moon, and twelve stars—points to a collective entity like Israel or the Church, rooted in Old Testament symbolism. The temporal references to 1,260 days suggest a period of persecution for God’s people, which fits better with a corporate interpretation than a literal recounting of Mary’s life.
The hybrid interpretation offers a balanced approach, recognizing Mary’s unique role as the mother of Jesus while situating her within the broader narrative of Israel and the Church. This view avoids reducing the woman to a single identity and embraces the polyvalent nature of apocalyptic literature. However, it faces the challenge of ambiguity, as Revelation does not explicitly name Mary, unlike its clear identification of the dragon as Satan or the child as Jesus. The absence of a direct reference to Mary, combined with the text’s heavy reliance on Old Testament imagery, suggests that the primary focus may be on Israel or the Church, with Mary as a secondary or symbolic figure.
The methodological issue lies in the tension between historical and allegorical readings. Catholic interpreters, drawing on a tradition that exalts Mary, may prioritize her individual role, while Protestant scholars often favor a corporate interpretation to avoid elevating Mary beyond what the text explicitly supports. The hybrid view bridges this divide, acknowledging Mary’s significance without negating the collective dimension. Yet, the lack of definitive textual evidence means that no single interpretation can be dogmatically asserted.
Implications for Catholic-Protestant Dialogue
The question of the woman’s identity in Revelation 12 has implications beyond exegesis, touching on Catholic-Protestant tensions over Mary’s role. Catholic theology, with its emphasis on Mary as Mediatrix and Queen of Heaven, finds in Revelation 12 a scriptural basis for her veneration. Protestant traditions, wary of what they perceive as excessive Marian devotion, often interpret the woman as Israel or the Church to maintain a focus on Christ. The hybrid interpretation offers a path toward mutual understanding, recognizing Mary’s unique role as the mother of Jesus while affirming the broader covenant community. This approach challenges Protestants to reconsider caricatures of Catholic Mariology as unbiblical and invites Catholics to appreciate the corporate dimensions of Revelation’s imagery.
Conclusion
There are compelling arguments for Mary, Israel, the Church, or a combination of these as the woman in Revelation 12. Mary is probably a partial fulfillment, but the vision likely encompasses Israel, Mary, and the Church in layered typology. The text’s reference to the Messiah’s mother, combined with parallels to Mary’s flight to Egypt and her spiritual motherhood in John 19:26–27, supports a Marian interpretation, particularly in Catholic theology. However, the cosmic imagery and temporal references align closely with Israel or the Church as the covenant community enduring persecution. The hybrid view, seeing the woman as both Mary and Israel/Church, best captures the text’s layered symbolism, reflecting Revelation’s blend of historical and eschatological themes. While the evidence does not permit dogmatic certainty, the discussion fosters a deeper appreciation of Mary’s role within the broader narrative of God’s people, encouraging Catholic and Protestant readers to approach the text with humility and openness to diverse interpretations. To see other articles in this series, click here.
Heartfelt thanks to my supporting family and friends! Without you, this work would not be possible! To support, click HERE.
Thanks dr Eli for sharing this article and the conclusion remains an open question. Looking at Mary from different scenarios and angles very insightful. E
Indeed, Emily, this is not an easy question.
I loved this article. Thanks for bringing these perspectives.
You are welcome, WIlly! So glad you liked it!
Thanks for the sharing!
Blessings and much peace!
That was very interesting. Some great food for thought
Sharon, thank you. Hopefully this will foster a great discussion.
Very interesting. Very difficult to ascertain the identity portrayed. The tendency to be drawn to the church and Israel is a stronger narrative. Yet still an open mind and heart are required to hear the Holy Spirit. Spiritual and emotional aspects are definitely in play. Spiritual life of Israel and the church are more profound.
Thank you, Terrence for sharing.
Great narrative, Dr. Eli!
From my perspective…
The woman in Revelation 12 primarily represents Israel. While it’s true that Mary plays a vital role in birthing the Messiah, the text’s symbols point to Israel and the faithful remnant. Considering that the Catholic church elevates Mary beyond her role risks overshadowing the centrality of HaShem and His Messiah; something that can be an exceptionally delicate topic for most Catholics.
Your blog does an excellent job of highlighting the potential meaning of this vision from different perspectives, while affirming Israel’s enduring part in salvation history. Bravo!
Thank you so much, Brian!
I am strongly believing that this glorious mother of Jesus Christ is the Church of God, including the entire community of believers from the days of Adam.
She cannot be the Virgin Mary, as told by the Roman catholic Church.
Mary was only a humble faithful Israeli woman, never elevated to be the Queen of Heaven.
It is not a problem to strongly to believe in something, but we also needs facts to back our beliefs. My point in the article is in the conclusion.
Here why Mary is not the mother of God or the woman in Revelation. First, she would have to have to exist before creation and be divine. She is neither.
The title “Mother of God” refers to Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, in Christian theology. It emphasizes her role as the Theotokos, a Greek term meaning “God-bearer,” affirmed at the Council of Ephesus (431 CE) to confirm Jesus’ divine and human natures. This title underscores Mary’s unique role in the Incarnation, where God became man. It does not imply she created God but that she bore the divine-human Jesus. Widely venerated in Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and some Protestant traditions, it highlights her spiritual motherhood and intercessory role for humanity.
You may have missed a key point:
the woman is Israel and the man child is the 144K. Next There are here for 3.5 years and are then seen around the thrown and go wherever Jesus goes. The will co-rule with Christ in Kingdom.
I am known for missing points. Glad there are smarter people out there.
Thank you for your knowledge of Hebrew and combining it with the Greek. Let us give due honour to Mary herself who was the mother of our Lord is I think what you are also saying. I agree. Obviously as you are saying the text is mainly focussing on future events. Thank you for your valuable insights.
Michael, I concur that Mary, the ideal disciple of Christ the King, deserves honor in our hearts and lives. I am not sure (as you say) that everything in the Book of Revelation is really in the future. Think about it. Rev 12 describes the dragon seeking to kill Jesus. He does not succeed. This has already taken place.
The way I see it, neither does he succeed in killing Jesus living IN His people at the end of time–the 144,000 (“the kingdom of God is within you”). “And this gospel OF THE KINGDOM shall be preached in all the world and then shall the end come.”
Thank you for your comment.
Taking Genesis 37: into consideration leaves no doubt that the woman in Rev. 12: is Israel.
If the woman in Revelation 12 symbolizes Israel (as many scholars suggest), her labor pains and the dragon’s attack parallel Israel’s struggles in Genesis 37. Joseph, a son of Israel (Jacob), faced betrayal—like the male child (Rev 12:5) threatened by the dragon. The woman’s flight (Rev 12:6) echoes Israel’s historical exiles. Just as Joseph’s suffering led to salvation (Gen 50:20), Israel’s trials culminate in Messiah’s victory. The twelve stars (Rev 12:1) mirror Jacob’s twelve sons, tying Israel’s story to cosmic redemption. Thus, Genesis 37 foreshadows Revelation 12: both depict Israel’s persecution and God’s deliverance.
Jusus will rule with a “Rod of Iron” ?? I’m no biblical scholar, nor a Christian, but, that doesn’t seem to fit the image of Christ that I picked up in Sunday School.
Yes, according to the Bible, Jesus is the one who will rule the nations with an iron rod. This is prophesied in Revelation 12:5 and Revelation 19:15, where Christ is depicted as a righteous and powerful judge who will reign with absolute authority. Psalm 2:9 also foreshadows this, speaking of the Messiah dashing the rebellious nations like pottery. His rule will be just and unyielding, establishing God’s kingdom forever. This imagery symbolizes His sovereign power to judge evil and govern with perfect righteousness. Believers await His return, when He will fulfill this prophecy and reign eternally.
I know the answer to this. This refers to an astrological event. The woman clothed in the sun is the constellation of Virgo. The events in the Book of Revelation may be secretly pointing to this event. Check October 9th 2024 on you tube. This will give the answers. – David
Folks, there is an interpretation (there is even a very serious commentary written with this perspective) that the visions that John is describing are essentially a star show that he is being shown as he peers into the nightly skies. It’s intriguing, but I never understood the thesis enough (I probably was too lazy to investigate carefully to make up my mind) :-). But this is what David is reffering to.
7-15-25
That was really good Dr. Eli! My thinking supports the woman as Israel because Israel comes first and the church; living body of Believers in Jesus Christ, comes later. Israel stands out to me when reading the text…without Israel whom Jesus came through, where would His church come from?
I think people who say “Israel” and those that say “Church” say basically the same thing. In Acts 7:38 (KJV), Stephen refers to Israel during the Exodus as “This is he [Moses], that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us.”
I tend to believe that it is Israel.
Israel works. Church, if you defined it as Ancient Israel, does too, and so does Mary as the historical mother of the one who will rule the nations with an iron rod. If I am put against the wall, I would go with hybrid.
Personally, I agree with the hybrid approach, consider also SOS 6:10, “Who is this who looks down like the dawn, beautiful as the moon, bright as the sun, awesome as an army with banners?” She is the perfected bride of Christ, perhaps giving birth to the ‘one new man.’ Symbology in Scripture can have multiple applications. This is also linked to Rosh Chodesh, which focuses on the bride of Christ and the prophetic inheritance of the 12 tribes. Thank you for sharing.
Took me a while to understand SOS is Song of Solomon :-). Thanks for your input.
Great question! As a layperson who reads scripture, to me, the “woman clothed with the sun” is tied to Joseph’s dream in Genesis 37 where the sun, moon, and start represented Israel. Jesus did come through this nation.
It’s surely connected, as was suggested by others in this forum.
This article is excellent and truly beautiful.
Thank you, Luis.
Absolutely beautiful and luminous reading, indeed! Gracias Eli por tu gran trabajo.
Thank you, Andres.
Thank you, Dr. Eli. I really enjoy your blogs.
Thank you, Katharine! Blessings!
A great book which I’ve read recently “Dancing in the Dragons Jaws” The Mystery of Israel’s Survival by Graeme Carlé gives a sound argument for Israel being the woman giving birth to the Man Child. If we use the church metaphorically it fails as the church cannot give birth to what He gave birth to. Neither to Mary as that also becomes a stretch to make it fit what is essentially again the church but in my opinion has lead to the false doctrine of Replacement Theology.
Hi, Rob. Well… the distinction between Church and Israel to some degree is artificial. As someone once put it, the Church wasn’t born at Pentecost; it was Bat Mitzvahed (grew up to maturity) at that time.
Dr.Eli,
Should we not be very wary of an anachronistic interpretation, but rather more concerned with how the original hearers would have understood it in their 1st century / 2nd temple period Hebraic culture?
The celestial image of the sun, moon and stars surely takes us to Joseph’s second dream (Gen 37,9) with the symbolism of the sun representing the patriarchal fathers, the moon representing the patriarchal mothers and the twelve stars the twelve tribes of Israel.
At the time of writing there were no ‘Christian’ churches, only worshipping assemblies derived from messianic Judaism
I am with you, Donald. This should be our interpretive North Star (Should we not be very wary of an anachronistic interpretation, but rather more concerned with how the original hearers would have understood it in their 1st century / 2nd temple period Hebraic culture?).
Interesting indeed!
It makes you understand that some things in religious divide is not as clear cut.
Thank you sir, for the interesting article on the Woman clothed with the sun of Rev 12. I would love to get your insight on another woman…mystery, Babylon the great, mother of harlots…of Rev 17-18. Have you an article on this?
Thank you, friend. It I do treat in my books on Revelation. You can look for it here – https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CMJBVDYY?binding=kindle_edition&searchxofy=true&ref_=dbs_s_aps_series_rwt_tkin&qid=1752639347&sr=8-1
Isn’t it a no brainer that “Virgo the virgin” is Mary with “Spica” the Branch (Jesus) in her hand? That would make the Sun the Sun and the moon the moon and 12 stars would be stars or at least wandering stars (planets), and would this then not have to do with signs in the heavens and end times as in the LORD’s day or the day of the LORD (not to be confused with Sunday)
Laurence, I can’t compete with the intellects of Einsteins, Oppenheimers, and Masks (it’s not fair). I am but a humble man. I do what I can. For me, this is certainly not a “no-brainer.” 🙂
Good analysis and provokes thoughts. Thanks
They say that religion exists to comfort the disturbed and to disturb the comfortable. (or something very similar to that)/
Hi, thought I would, suggest. Isn’t it at the 3 an half year mark when satan claims to be god in the temple of holy? If so Isn’t it also the time God removes the veil from the eyes of Israel people He put on them when Moses came dont from the mountain, cause the glory of God shone brightly from his face. They fear him so God put a veil over their spiritual eyes. He removes it so they can see who satan was? That he wasn’t God.
In one particular eschatological interpretation, I think this is exactly how things go down.
Thank you so much for throwing light on this particular topic. While most believers in Yahshua HaMessiah are ignorantly segregating themselves from Israel, this Revelation 12 incident that could help renew their minds concerning the Church and Israel is not being preached in church gatherings.
We need to pray.
Thanks Dr Lizorkin-Eyzenberg for your openess and clear approach to the topic. This compels us, whether Catholic or Protestant to review our stand to the revelation. Your approach, offers us a new perspective to future Biblical issues that our mind, confined to just one view.
Thank you, dear brother. This is precisely what I seek to do.